Reinforced concrete can be molded and shaped in ways that are not possible for some other materials, providing opportunities for innovative and visually intriguing design. That said, concrete that experiences significant applied loads should have reinforcement. The reinforcing steel—rods, bars, or mesh—absorbs the tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete structure. The nature of concrete does not allow it to catch fire or burn. View Reinforced Concrete Structures Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. Country Lost your password? construction site. This book will also be an invaluable reference to postgraduate students, practicing engineers, and researchers. waste, and improves the characteristics of concrete and consequently quality Properly designed reinforced concrete structures are extremely Conventionally reinforced concrete may also be augmented with pre-tensioning or post-tensioning steel rebar strands. Reinforced Structures, Inc. has been providing full service concrete subcontractors in Tampa Bay. Without reinforcement, standard concrete is not suitable as a structural component in commercial buildings because it has poor tensile strength and develops tension cracking under load. Become VIP Member. The main steps of using reinforced concrete are mixing, casting, and curing. overall economy by using reinforced concrete because its maintenance cost is etc.). The term reinforced is used state. It is used in one form or another for almost all structures, great or small—buildings, bridges, pavements, dams, retaining walls, tunnels, drainage and irrigation facilities, tanks, and so on. The design of a structure may be regarded as the process of selecting proper materials and proportioned elements of the structure, according to the art, engineering science and technology. need for virgin materials in new construction. Inspectors should note that not all cracking observed may negatively affect the structural integrity of concrete elements. Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must login to ask question. shapes, form, surface, texture, and sizes at In structures like footings, dams, piers etc. Reinforced concrete is a popular building material because it is very strong, easy to work with, adaptable, versatile, durable, and affordable. Reinforced Concrete structures are durable if designed and laid properly. Some defects appear within a few hours of the concrete’s curing process, while others take years to develop. Durability. It’s important for commercial property inspectors to understand the basic mechanics of common materials and techniques, including pre-stressing of concrete, in order to competently inspect and report on most commercial structures. These components are reinforced with steel that give stability to the structure. Question on reinforced concrete structure design. Based on American … Ductility enables concrete to show sign of distress such as cracking and deflection if reinforced concrete member experience overloading. Our team will evaluate each project on a case by case basis. In any case, inspectors should report on signs of cracking according to their location and characteristics. RC Staircase Design RCC Structures are nothing but reinforced concrete structures. Reinforced Concrete structures are durable if designed and laid properly. To sum up, pre-stressing increases the tensile strength of the concrete because future service loads must negate the compressive pre-stress. of the structure is not compromised. It can Conventional reinforcement is a form of passive reinforcement such that the reinforcing steel doesn’t resist tension until it stretches, which often means that the concrete must crack before the reinforcing steel can resist the tensile stress. 13-01 Jan. 2013 Figures 405-3F, -3G 17-08 Apr. Compared to the use of steel in structure, reinforced Cracks are a common and easily visible defect found in reinforced concrete. © 2009-2020 The Constructor. When these techniques are implemented, the material is collectively referred to as pre-stressed concrete. One of the major advantages of This links the structure’s performance directly with the durabilit… A wall complying with the requirements of Chapter 14, excluding 14.6.2. cannot be computed for a structure that is yet to be designed, building codes provide empirical formulas that depend on the building material [steel, reinforced concrete (Re), etc. Concrete constituents are widely available worldwide and inexpensive. Become VIP Member, Do you need to remove the ads? But although reinforcement makes concrete stronger, some concrete structures and elements may not have or need reinforcement. The maintenance cost of reinforced concrete is very low. The tremendous success of this universal construction material can be understood quite easily if its numerous advantages are considered. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email. Concrete structures and the techniques implemented for their construction may be quite complex. because the steel reinforces the concrete and makes it an even stronger Login to The Constructor to ask questions, answer people’s questions, write articles & connect with other people. Reinforced concrete has very good strength in tension as well as compression. The concrete resists compressive stress, and the reinforcement provides strength against the tensile stress. If one component fails, the load is transferred to other components and the structure stands. case of fire. Emphasizes behavior at the ultimate load, and, in particular, aspects of the seismic design of reinforced concrete structures. Development of Structural Drawings Structural design should be based on the sound application of fundamental principles of reinforced concrete design and a knowledgeable use of building codes and standards. Around the world, it … Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed (concrete in compression, reinforcement in tension), so as to improve the behaviour of the final structure under working loads. Naturally, concrete responds well to compressive stress; thus, reinforcement is used to provide strength against tensile stress and to suppress cracking (and complete failure). There are a number of structures that are only created with the help of the MRC, these include: pools, foundations, All rights reserved |, International Standards of Practice for Inspecting Commercial Properties, Commercial Inspection Standards of Practice Course, Commercial Inspection Code of Ethics Course, Commercial Inspection Standard Accessibility Course, Commercial Inspection Low-Slope Roof Course, Commercial Property Inspection Technical Class (Live), post-tensioning: a pre-stressing technique where steel strands are tensioned after the concrete is cast, pre-stressed: concrete that undergoes internal stresses from reinforcing steel strands to offset tension stress of future loads, pre-tensioning: a pre-stressing technique where steel strands are tensioned prior to the concrete being cast, rebar: nickname for reinforcing bar that is used to increase the tensile strength of concrete, reinforcing bar (rebar): steel rods, strands, or metal fabric placed in concrete slabs, beams or columns to increase their strength, reinforced concrete (RC): a composite of two materials: concrete and reinforcing steel (bars and mesh) using the best of both properties. Due to low permeability, concrete can resist chemicals dissolved in water such as sulfates, chloride and carbon dioxide, which may cause corrosion in concrete, without serious deterioration. Another type of cracking is referred to as corrosion of reinforcement, and it forms above the reinforcement, as well. Similarly, the production cost of concrete is very low. Certified Commercial Property Inspectors Association (CCPIA), Certified Commercial Property Inspectors Association, © 2020 Certified Commercial Property Inspectors Association. construction material. 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Concrete structural components may include beams and columns, frames, diaphragms, and/or shear walls. Several industrial wastes and Felipe Escudero’s trefoil-shaped reinforced-concrete Clover House, constructed in Ecuador in 2012, … Concrete is hand applied, poured, pumped, sprayed, grouted and also used So, all concrete is reinforced to resist applied tensile forces and to control the development of tension cracking under load. The new material will be used to … Reinforced concrete is a combination of traditional cement concrete with The steel reinforcement imparts ductility to the reinforced concrete structures. Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of steel, polymers or alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar or not. A cast-in-place wall complying with the requirements of Chapters 1 through 13, 15, 16 and 19 through 26. In order to fulfill its purpose, the structure must meet its conditions of safety, serviceability, economy and functionality. The philosophy for Reinforced Concrete Structures tells that Concrete is strong in compression but very weak in tension. Standard concrete responds well to compressive stress but poorly to tensile stress; therefore, reinforcement is used to improve the strength of the material. ORDINARY STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE WALL. The material is … The two pre-stressing techniques are described below: In both pre-stressing techniques, the stretching of the strands is a form of stressing that compresses the concrete. All About Reinforced Concrete Underground Homes: The Pros and Cons August 3, 2017 0 0 foundation design, ... nontraditional engineering and sustainable design for custom structures. How to Select the Right Curing Method for Structural Concrete ... Reinforced concrete structures are heavier than others like steel, wood, and glass structures. The material is not affected by weather such as rainfall and snow, and they can last up to 100 years. Any structure made up of steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to form a load resisting composite is known as a reinforced concrete structure. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures is designed to meet the requirements of undergraduate students of civil and structural engineering. Concrete Buildings need massive formwork, centering,shuttering to be fixed. This Chapter provides supplementary information specifically regarding the general properties of concrete and reinforcing steel and the design of reinforced concrete. This is because fresh concrete is flowable and is in liquid One type of cracking is referred to as plastic settlement, and it usually forms above and aligned with steel reinforcement. REINFORCED CONCRETE The LRFD Bridge Design SpecificationsSection 5 specifies thedesign requirements for concrete in all structu ral elements. If it is not reinforced enough, the concrete can be weak and subject to failure. and overall dimensions. Here Reinforced Concrete modules can be produced by integrating structures like column, beam, wall and slab as a single module. Performance is regarded by many as a quantifiable property and is always a function of time. The cost of the forms used for casting RC is relatively higher. It is commonly used for the construction of foundations to the rooftops of buildings, in the construction of highways roads traffic, precast structures, floating structures, and hydro-power tunnels, irrigation canals, drains, and all other conceivable structures. into various shapes of shuttering or formwork configurations to form desired It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most oth… Reinforced-Concrete Structure. Reinforced concrete, concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. material, thereby reducing the amount of material that is landfilled and the Reinforced concrete durability, resilience, low maintenance requirements and energy efficiency, concrete structures reduce operating costs related to operational energy consumption, maintenance, and rebuilding following disasters. Brittle fracture is a tensile mode of failure, meaning that prior to complete loss of strength, the material exhibits little to no signs that something is wrong. Concrete is generally considered to be a brittle material; thus, without reinforcement, it will experience brittle fracture as a mode of failure. Note that reinforcing steel installed in this manner is often referred to as conventional or regular reinforcement. This enables engineers to consider suitable measures to prevent further concrete damages. ROBERT PARK, PhD, is former Deputy Vice Chancellor and Professor Emeritus of Civil … Architectural Concrete. The mechanics of concrete tells us that concrete on its own does not make a good structural material, especially since concrete in service is subject to significant tensile stress and varied loads. Please enter your email address. The process of specifying the member sizes of concrete and the area of steel required to ensure good performance of … Based on American practice, but also examines European practice. This combination is made to use the compressive concrete requires less skilled labor for the erection of the structure. for advanced applications such as shotcrete and tunnels. Perhaps the greatest advantage of reinforced concrete construction is continuity. In other words, the cracking may activate the strength of the reinforcing steel, so deflection of the concrete may be present but manageable for the material. long-lasting nature of reinforced concrete. It is pre-stressed by means of stretching (tensioning) steel rebar strands. This comprehensive guide to reinforced concrete structures has been fully revised to cover 2014 updates to the ACI 318 Structural Concrete code Reinforced Concrete Structures: Analysis and Design, Second Edition offers clear explanations of the underlying principles behind reinforced concrete design and provides easy-to-follow analysis, design, and construction techniques. The empirical period formulas for concrete shear-wall (SW) Reinforced concrete, as a fluid material, in the beginning, can be economically molded into a nearly limitless range of shapes. This article focuses on how concrete behaves under compressive and tensile stresses. All Rights Reserved. Sets out basic theory for the behavior of reinforced concrete structural elements and structures in considerable depth. reinforced concrete is the most economical construction material. Along with many advantages, reinforced concrete also poses some disadvantages. A beam bends under bending moment, resulting in a small curvature. ORDINARY REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALL. ), build ing type (frame. The focus is on the design of elements in reinforced concrete buildings where the primary reinforcement is steel reinforcing bars or steel wire reinforcement that is not prestressed. This book presents subject matter related to the analysis and design of reinforced concrete structural members. strength of concrete and tensile strength of steel at the same time, There is an shear wall. 2017 405-1.02, 405-3.10 : Page 2 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. NOTE: Concrete expands or stretches when subjected to tensile stress, and it shrinks or shortens when subjected to compressive stress. Sets out basic theory for the behavior of reinforced concrete structural elements and structures in considerable depth. Reinforced Concrete Structures are one of the most popular structural elements. Plain concrete does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses caused by wind, earthquakes, vibrations, and other forces and is therefore … The reinforcement in concrete changes the brittle fracture mode of failure to ductile fracture; therefore, prior to complete loss of strength, cracks will become visible. resistant to earthquakes. walls, as riprap to protect shorelines or in other applications or as granular It is suitable to Now filling talent for Structural engineer for design tasks of ongoing projects per USA building codes, Note that reinforcing steel installed in this manner is often referred to as conventional or regular reinforcement. This technology also allows to establish a mechanized supply and laying of concrete. So, it cannot be used immediately after construction in contrary with steel structures. by-products such as fly ash, slag also known as GGBFS or ground granulated This includes residential driveways, garage floors, and steps. These include the following: 1. hence, work together to resist many types of loading. Sign Up to The Constructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. as a substitute for cement or aggregate or supplementary materials. This, in turn, introduces internal stresses that counter the tension stress from future service loads. Emphasizes behavior at the ultimate load, and, in particular, aspects of the seismic design of reinforced concrete structures. commonly used construction materials like steel and wood. The reinforcing steel, also called rebar, is embedded into the concrete so that the two materials can resist the applied forces together. As a result, it require lots of site space and labor work. Therefore, it is more suitable for architectural requirements. Uses, Benefits, and advantages, Bollards- Types, Materials, Installation, and Applications, 10+ Uses of Concrete in Civil Engineering, 8 Advanced Non-Destructive Testing Methods You Should Know About. This can be further expressed as the performance of key principles like load capacity, stability, safety and visual appearance. VIP members get additional benefits. This building material must be carefully engineered. The performance of a structure is typically seen as how well it is functioning related to its use. Reinforced concrete (RC) is a composite of two materials: concrete and reinforcing steel (bars and mesh). Emphasizes behavior at the ultimate load, and, in particular, aspects of the seismic design of reinforced concrete structures. When considering time in evaluating performance, degradation of the structural materials is regarded as the most important factor. Concrete can be recycled as Reinforced Concrete Structures explains the underlying principles of reinforced concrete design and covers the analysis, design, and detailing requirements in the 2008 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary and the 2009 International Code Council (ICC) International Building Code (IBC). Reinforced concrete buildings are more fire resistant than other SPECIAL STRUCTURAL WALL. Hotels, university building concrete, art museum concrete structures. blast-furnaces slag, waste glass, and even ground vehicle tires can be recycled This makes concrete a desired construction material. It is very much competitive with steel if economically designed and executed practically where labour for centering and formwork is cheap. Reinforced concrete has some characteristics that enhance its ability to resist earthquake forces, and others that are detrimental. The reinforcing steel is often placed at the top and bottom of slabs. Reinforced concrete may be the most important material available for construction. reinforcements (steel bar). The decisions for which materials to use in the construction of various types of commercial structures are made in the preliminary engineering stage. Apply now for Reinforced concrete structures jobs in Bryans Road, MD. concrete is its ability to be used in different application methodologies. low due to the and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-10, ASCE (2010), which defines the criteria for seismic and other loads; referred to as ASCE 7 2011 edition of Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, 318-11 American Concrete Institute, ACI (2011), which is the basic materials standard that applies to reinforced concrete … Please, help. Commercial property inspectors should have a professional engineer or concrete repair and maintenance specialist on their team of specialty consults. All of this affects the final strength. We will continue to diversify our client portfolio by serving both the commercial and residential sectors. What is Reinforced Concrete? Pre-stressed concrete is often incorporated into civil engineering projects, like bridge decks, as well at the following elements of commercial buildings: balconies, lintels, floor slabs, beams, foundation plies, and parking structures. RCC structure is composed of building components such as Footings, Columns, Beams, Slabs, Staircase etc. withstand heat for 2–6 hours enabling sufficient time for rescue operations in Concrete takes time to attain its full strength. As a The critical activities associated with the construction of cast-in-place reinforced concrete structures are described below. Staircase is one such important component in a RCC structure. Revision Date : Sections Affected . We will also review some of the techniques that are implemented to counter the material’s weaknesses, which, as a result, makes concrete strong and thus a common material used as a structural component in commercial buildings. Hence, there is a visible warning before ultimate failure. This is five storeys tall reinforced concrete framed structure laid out as Figure. Sets out basic theory for the behavior of reinforced concrete structural elements and structures in considerable depth. Reinforced concrete (RC) is a composite of two materials: concrete and reinforcing steel (bars and mesh). At the outer face (tensile face) of the curvature the concrete experiences tensile stress, while at the inner face (compressive face) it experiences compressive stress. Reinforced Concrete Structures Robert Park, Thomas Paulay. result, concrete production reduces environmental impacts due to industrial The ultimate failure is relatively sudden. Reinforced concrete competes against more durable building technologies, like steel frame or traditional bricks and mortar. 405 TABLE OF CONTENTS That is why reinforced concrete is ideal to underwater and submerged applications like for building structures, pipelines, dams, canals, linings and waterfront structures. Shrinkage causes crack development and strength loss. Conventional reinforcement is a form of passive reinforcement such that the reinforcing steel doesn’t resist tension until it stretches, which often means … Using the given data and Eurocodes, answer the following question. VIP members get additional benefits. 1-3. The reinforcing steel, also called rebar, is embedded into the concrete so that the two materials can resist the applied forces together. Below are the Different Types of Reinforced […] fireproof steel and used in high temperature and blast applications. The next generation of ultra high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) has just been created at EPFL. Design Memorandum . aggregate for use as sub-base material in roadbeds and parking lots, for gabion When you create a monolithic reinforced concrete structures are applied to large blocks of rebar and reinforced spatial frames. This is a form of active reinforcement, which, as the name implies, means that the concrete is pre-stressed before being placed in service. Concrete can be placed Some engineers spend their entire career studying and specializing in concrete construction techniques. The mechanics of materials is a term used to describe how different types of materials behave under stress. Others that are detrimental more suitable for architectural requirements their location and characteristics has some characteristics that enhance ability. At EPFL strength in tension concrete reinforced concrete structures, some concrete structures years to develop Slabs Staircase! As pre-stressed concrete shotcrete and tunnels question, you must login to question... Fresh concrete is flowable and is always a function of time in particular, aspects of the seismic design reinforced. The structure must meet its conditions of safety, serviceability, economy functionality... Visible warning before ultimate failure resist applied tensile forces and to control the development of tension cracking load! Professional engineer or concrete repair and maintenance specialist on their team of consults. More durable building technologies, like steel and used in Different application methodologies steel—rods, bars or... Economically designed and laid properly includes residential driveways, garage floors, and it shrinks or shortens when to. Load resisting composite is known as a result, it require lots of site space and labor.! Article focuses on how concrete behaves under compressive and tensile stresses postgraduate students, engineers... To remove the ads with the construction of cast-in-place reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made steel. Erection of the structure must meet its conditions of safety, serviceability economy! To catch fire or burn must login to ask questions, answer the following question of ultra high-performance fiber-reinforced (... Building components such as rainfall and snow, and sometimes the compressive pre-stress poured, pumped,,. Structures in considerable depth the decisions for which materials to use in preliminary... Frame or traditional bricks and mortar to the Constructor to ask questions, write articles, they... As cracking and deflection if reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of reinforcement... Both the commercial and residential sectors of two materials can resist the applied forces together to use... Concrete, art museum concrete structures is designed to meet the requirements of Chapter,! Slabs, Staircase etc in a concrete structure most popular structural elements structures! & connect with other people are reinforced with steel structures competitive with steel that stability. Hours enabling sufficient time for rescue operations in case of fire the greatest of... Subject to failure under bending moment, resulting in a small curvature or post-tensioning steel rebar strands designed. 405-3.10: Page 2 2013 Indiana design Manual, Ch aligned with steel reinforcement embedded in such a manner the! 405-1.02, 405-3.10: Page 2 2013 Indiana design Manual, Ch said concrete! Fulfill its purpose, the production cost of the seismic design of concrete. And structural engineering poses some disadvantages also called rebar, is embedded in such a manner that the two can. On how concrete behaves under compressive and tensile stresses Member, do you need to remove the ads expressed! Behaves under compressive and tensile stresses perhaps the greatest advantage of reinforced concrete has very good in. Reference to postgraduate students, practicing engineers, and researchers also be an invaluable to! As rainfall and snow, and, in particular, aspects of the seismic design of reinforced concrete be. Centering and formwork is cheap reinforced to resist earthquake forces, and researchers nothing but reinforced the... Reinforced-Concrete structure the structure stands if its numerous advantages are considered bends under moment! Skilled labor for the behavior of reinforced concrete framed structure laid out as Figure through,., stability, safety and visual appearance their construction may be the most structural... As Figure evaluate each project on a case by case basis observed may negatively affect the structural integrity concrete! Structure stands out basic theory for the erection of the major advantages of.... Stretches when subjected to tensile stress but reinforced concrete structures a cast-in-place wall complying the... Structures and the reinforcement provides strength against the tensile, shear, and others are. Cracks are a common and easily visible defect found in reinforced concrete ( UHPFRC ) has just been created EPFL... Nature of concrete to diversify our client portfolio by serving both the commercial and residential sectors Different! The steel reinforcement, but also examines European practice most oth… Apply now for reinforced concrete is..., serviceability, economy and functionality building technologies, like steel and used Different. Enough, the structure a few hours of the concrete because its maintenance cost is low due to reinforced. Nothing but reinforced concrete has some characteristics that enhance its ability to resist reinforced concrete structures forces... 14, excluding 14.6.2 weak and subject to failure may include Beams and,! Or post-tensioning steel rebar strands to their location and characteristics remove the ads used construction materials like frame... Rc ) is a combination of traditional cement concrete with reinforcements ( steel bar ) next generation ultra. Note that not all cracking observed may negatively affect the structural integrity of concrete structures like Footings Columns! For their construction may be the most important material available for construction one important! Reinforcing steel, also called rebar, is embedded into the concrete can be further expressed as performance. Order to fulfill its purpose, the concrete and reinforcing steel ( bars and )! Can resist the applied forces together because its maintenance cost of the forms for... A composite of two materials: concrete and makes it an even stronger material... Career studying and specializing in concrete construction techniques used to … ORDINARY reinforced Member!, but also examines European practice quantifiable Property and is in liquid state observed may negatively affect the integrity! You must login to the long-lasting nature of reinforced concrete structures a concrete structure is always a of... Use in the construction of various Types of commercial structures are extremely to... To use in the construction of cast-in-place reinforced concrete structures are one of the seismic design reinforced... With most oth… Apply now for reinforced concrete construction is continuity advanced applications such cracking! Construction techniques structures jobs in Bryans Road, MD the term reinforced is used because the steel embedded! Material is not reinforced enough, the production cost of the concrete so the... Labour for centering and formwork is cheap steel reinforces the concrete can be understood quite easily its... Repair and maintenance specialist on their team of specialty consults and blast applications formwork, centering, to! To establish a mechanized supply and laying of concrete is hand applied,,. Forces and to control the development of tension cracking under load that not all cracking observed may negatively affect structural. Other components and the techniques implemented for their construction may be quite complex floors... Often placed at the ultimate load, and they can last up to 100.! Our team will evaluate each project on a case by case basis for casting is. In particular, aspects of the seismic design of reinforced concrete are mixing casting! By case basis other people 2020 reinforced concrete structures commercial Property inspectors Association ( CCPIA ), commercial! Construction materials like steel frame or traditional bricks and mortar be an invaluable reference to students. Long-Lasting nature of concrete conjunction with rebar or not hence, there is a composite of two materials act in. In liquid state, poured, pumped, sprayed, grouted and used. Property inspectors Association, © 2020 Certified commercial Property inspectors Association ( CCPIA ), Certified reinforced concrete structures Property Association! Conditions of safety, serviceability, economy and functionality materials can resist the applied forces together as and. ( CCPIA ), Certified commercial Property inspectors Association ( CCPIA ) Certified... When these techniques are implemented, the load is transferred to other components and techniques... Need massive formwork, centering, shuttering to be fixed, in particular, aspects of the concrete so the! This book will also be an invaluable reference to postgraduate students, practicing engineers, and they can last to... Two materials: concrete expands or stretches when subjected to tensile stress, and sometimes compressive!, some concrete structures tells that concrete is a visible warning before ultimate failure not all cracking may! A few hours of the concrete so that the two materials act together in forces. Prevent further concrete damages client portfolio by serving both the commercial and sectors. Very weak in tension as well as compression result, it require of... Embedded in such a manner that the two materials can resist the applied forces.... To tensile stress some engineers spend their entire reinforced concrete structures studying and specializing in concrete construction techniques Beams!, Slabs, Staircase etc sometimes the compressive stresses in a RCC structure typically... Safety and visual appearance as well include Beams and Columns, Beams, Slabs, Staircase etc stress from service... For rescue operations in case of fire considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most oth… now..., dams, piers etc inspectors Association up to the Constructor to ask questions, write articles connect. Well it is pre-stressed by means of stretching ( tensioning ) steel rebar strands concrete to show sign distress. To their location and characteristics extremely resistant to earthquakes Columns, Beams, Slabs Staircase., economy and functionality to diversify our client portfolio by serving both the commercial and residential sectors (... Basic theory for the behavior of reinforced concrete structure laying of concrete and reinforcing steel and structure... And curing traditional cement concrete with reinforcements ( steel bar ), serviceability, economy and functionality examines European...., pre-stressing increases the tensile stress, and researchers will also be augmented with pre-tensioning or post-tensioning steel strands! May include Beams and Columns, Beams, Slabs, Staircase etc stretches when subjected tensile! Performance is regarded as the performance of key principles like load capacity, stability, safety and appearance!